Teen Pregnancy Essay -- Teenage Mothers

In the US, teen pregnancy rates have been decreasing in the last decade even though current rates remain twice as high as those found in other industrialized nations (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1994). In spite of decreasing rates, among African American teenagers, the pregnancy rate is particularly high. In 1996, the pregnancy rate was 178.9 per thousand among African-American females aged 15 to 19 years, compared with a pregnancy rate of 82.6 among whites (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1999). Additionally, on the basis of the findings of the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, it was determined that African American females (48%) aged 15 to 17 were more likely than their white (34%) counterparts to have had sexual intercourse since menarche. On the basis of information provide by the National Center for Health Statistics (1997), African-American females aged 15 to 19 were more likely than their white peers to have had their first sexual experience (i.e., intercourse) without u sing effective contraception (24% versus 14%, respectively). Consequently, on the basis of such risky behavior, African American teenagers are at greater risk than their white peers for experiencing a pregnancy. pregnant, especially if it was with the baby's father. A concluded by Harris, most of the mothers believed that sexual intercourse was a behavior they were going to continue to engage in, regardless of threat of disease or pregnancy. As compared to the adolescent fathers participating in the study, Harris reported that most of the fathers indicated that they were now engaging in protected sex. Environmental Influences As many have suggested, while engagement in unprotected sexual intercourse at an early age places adolescents at risk for pregnancy, there are a number of other factors that influence African American teen pregnancy rates. According to Dervarics (2004), African American teen mothers and fathers are often represented among the rising number of minority "disconnected" youth in the US. This group is comprised of teens ages 16 to 19 who are both out of school and out of work. Dervarics reported that nearly A quarter of African Americans ages 18 to 19 falls into the disconnected category. As a consequence of being disconnected, as explained by the author, African Amer... ...with poverty. It is these issues that attention must be directed towards in order to reduce teen pregnancy rates. References Alan Guttmacher Institute. (1994). Sex and America's teenagers. NY: The Alan Guttmacher Institute. Alan Guttmacher Institute. (1999). Teenage pregnancy: Overall trends and state-by-state information. NY: The Alan Guttmacher Institute. Dervarics, C. (2005). Minorities overrepresented among America's 'disconnected' youth. Population Reference Bureau. Found online at: http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=PRB&template=/ContentManagement /ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=11335 Lardner, J. (2005). Arline Geronimus on teen parenthood. Inequality.Org. Found online at: http://www.inequality.org/teenparenthood.html National Center for Health Statistics. (1997). Fertility, family planning, and women's health: New data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

Non Biodegradable

Non-biodegradable waste made up roughly one-third of the municipal solid waste produced in the U. S. in 2009 (see References 1, page 6). The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends recycling whenever possible, and disposing of your trash at a combustion facility or in a landfill only when recycling is not possible (see References 1, page 11). Hazardous waste should be handled separately by your local sanitation department or by private companies that specialize in safe disposal of toxins (see References 2).Recycling Separate glass, plastic and metal from other non-biodegradable waste for recycling. Many urban and suburban areas have curbside recycling programs; if such a program is not available, take recyclable materials to the nearest collection facility for processing. Recycling saves space in landfills and reduces the amount of virgin materials that must be mined or manufactured to make new products, saving energy and reducing global climate change in the process. (See R eferences 3) CombustionSome non-biodegradable waste like used rubber tires and plastic can be burned at combustion facilities. Most of these facilities use the heat generated by incineration to make energy in the form of steam or electricity, which reduces their demand for other nonrenewable resources, including coal and petroleum. In 2009, combustion facilities burned 3. 1 million tons of solid waste, mostly used tires. Combustion of municipal waste also reduces the volume of trash that ends up in landfills. (See References 1, page 166) LandfillsLandfills provide long-term storage for non-biodegradable waste. Ideally, landfills are carefully situated to prevent contamination from entering surrounding soil and water, and managed to reduce odor and pests as much as possible. (See References 4) Federal regulations require careful monitoring in and around the site. Hazardous Waste Disposal Some products like motor oil, pesticides, batteries and paint are potentially hazardous to sanita tion workers and the general population as a whole.They are also more dangerous to the environment than inert materials like plastic or rubber. Many communities offer special collection and disposal programs to deal with household hazardous waste as safely as possible. In areas with no such programs, it's legal to dispose of household hazardous waste in the trash. Follow any special disposal instructions listed on the original container. Before doing so, however, contact the manufacturer or retailer of the material you need to dispose of to ask if they accept old materials for reuse or recycling.

Essay On Acute Myeloid Leukemia - 1028 Words

In 2014, cancer is the second primary cause of death in the United States(US) and it kills approximately 311,296 and 280,403 men and women respectively. The rate of mortality from 2009 to 2013, of leukemia in men and women is 14.5. Moreover, the mortality rate in both male and female suffering from Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is 5.9 comparing to 0.9 in Acute lymphocytic leukemia(ALL).1 Attacking the bone marrow, blood, and other tissues by irregular recognize are properties of AML that distinguish it from other classes of cancers. In addition, fifty years ago, AML was a fatal disease. Nowadays, there are improvement of AML in 35 to 40% of adult patients who are ≠¤ 60 years old, but in patients 60 years old, represent about 5 to†¦show more content†¦The CD33-targeting antibody-drug conjugates hold a poison load and it was established to improve the therapy outcome. Therefore, calicheamicin was the type of poison that chosen and then it can target the leukemia cells.5 Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a serious side effect that appear after using GO drug also known as veno-occlusive disease (VOD). Losing weight, yellow eyes color and ascites are sign/symptom of SOS. 6 Serious side effects can harm the patients and leads to mortality. Accelerated approval of GO in 2000 by FDA was depend on results of 3 phase II clinical trial studies that contains 142 patients with AML diseases. Later, the rest of the patients was finished almost 277. Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS) or hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a serious side effect was appearing in these 3 studies of using GO monotherapy in 2 of 142 patient.7 Safety reports were analyzed to explore the association between SOS with GO from observational studies and clinical trials. Also, temporary record from FDA mandated Prospective Observational Registry and Food Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System(FAERS). Occurrence frequency by Medline searches was describing the comparative rates of SOS without GO and the connection of GO with SOS. If the stem cell transplantation (SCT) was completed for 90 days of GO management, the range in observational studies of SOS was from 15 to 40%.